Robert Oxnam :: The two great poetry collections from the classical period show the evolution of waka as the dominant form of expression. The Man'yôshû, or "Collection of a Myriad Leaves," was compiled in the Nara period. It contains a mixture of long poems and waka. The Kokinshû, or "Collection of Ancient and Modern Poems," was compiled by imperial edict in the Heian period and consists solely of waka poems.
Kokinshu: A Collection of Poems Ancient and Modern (C
Donald Keene :: It was a great generation of poets. We don't know why these poets suddenly arose. I think it was the maturity of the civilization itself. The Man'yôshû, the first great Japanese collection, has a great variety of poems by a variety of authors, not only noblemen, but also priests, members of soldiers, and even some poems by unknown commoners in distant parts of the country. Probably the people who compiled it, we think of one man particularly, Yakamochi [Otomo no Yakamochi, c. 718-785], thought at the time that this would show the people what we in Japan have done, what our cultural life is like.
Sequences (shidai) of poems on the same topic, composed of subtle variations in thematic treatment, are the building blocks which make Kokinshu a coherent and readable text rather than a simple collection of poems arranged topically. Medieval commentators devoted considerable attention to the designs underlying the editors' composition of such sequences (prominent in the seasonal and love books), which come into view only when one poem is read as a response to a preceding poem or series of poems. In this instance, the reader is invited to reread No. 222 against 223 and weigh the differences between a conceit and a more literal treatment of the same topic, gem-like droplets of dew on leaves or petals of bush clover.
The design of flowering autumn grasses is featured on the surfaces of this box. On the lid under a crescent moon, are hagi (bush clover), susuki (pampas grass), fujibakama (ague weed), ominaeshi (valerian), and yomena (aster). The underside of the lid and the interior tray are both decorated with nadeshiko (pinks).On the rock surfaces depicted on the cover, three silver hiragana symbols (cursive phonetic script) can be detected and combined to make the word nezame (awakening from sleep). The script, cleverly embedded into the linearity of the picture, is the central feature of the uta-e (poem-picture). The anonymous poem alluded to by the three-syllable clue nezame is included in the early tenth-century anthology, Kokinshu (collection of poems ancient and modern). It reads:It is not the autumn dew That has dropped on my pillowing sleeveAs I awaken.The box contains an inkstone for grinding solid ink and a water dropper, and would have contained writing brushes.
The earliest Japanese writers were greatly influenced by the Chinese. Without a writing system of their own, the Japanese adopted and adapted Chinese characters to their own needs. This is shown clearly in the most ancient complete works, the Kojiki (The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters), which was completed in 712, and Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697), completed eight years later. In both of these collections, many sections of history, myth, legend, and songs are written entirely in Chinese.
Most of the poems in the collection are tanka, or short poems, one of the uniquely Japanese forms of poetry. A tanka always consists of five lines that follow a strict pattern of syllables: five, seven, five, seven, seven. This classic Japanese verse form is still in use today.
The chief compiler of the anthology was Ki Tsurayuki, or Kino, a noted poet and prose writer of the period. In the memorable preface of the Kokinshu, which was perhaps the first complete prose in kana, Tsurayuki set forth the reasons that move people to write poetry. According to Tsurayuki, melancholy is the inspiration. It is true that most of the love poems in the collection, which fill five of its books, are sad.
Of the many anthologies, the most famous are the tenth-century Kokinshu (Collection of Ancient and Modern) and the thirteenth-century Ogura Hyakunin Isshu (One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets). The former, containing 1,111 poems in all, was the first of twenty-one imperially sanctioned collections. In a perceptive preface by Ki no Tsurayuki, it identified the characteristics of the genre as sensitivity to nature, awareness of transience, and cultivation of harmony.
So many ukiyo-e prints and paintings include poems that a brief introduction to the terminology of classical and pre-modern poetry should be included in a general survey about traditional Japanese prints. Most poetry found in ukiyo-e was linked to traditional Japanese poetic forms, so definitions of the original forms and their later variants are provided below.
Ogura hyakunin isshu: "Small Treasury of One Hundred Poems by One Hundred Poets," a collection of 'tanka' compiled by Fujiwara Sadaie (also called Fujiwara no Teika, 1162-1241) at a villa near Mount Ogura in Kyoto. The collection is frequently called simply Hyakunin isshu. The poems were composed by famous poets of the seventh through the thirteenth centuries. There were various sets of ukiyo-e prints and books based on the poems and the celebrated poets who composed them. Some of these works were relatively straightforward, offering the poems alongside imaginary portraits of the poets. Other ukiyo-e prints took great liberties with the subject matter, often in the form of mitate-e or "analogue pictures" that relocated the significance of the poems within the context of more contemporary, "floating world" themes. The poems were also the basis for a very popular card game of poem-matching (uta-awase - see below), which served as a subject for ukiyo-e prints.
Ise monogatari: "Tales of Ise," an anonymous tenth century collection of around 143 very brief episodes or tales serving as fictional headnotes to 209 poems. The famous historical poet Ariwara Narihara (825-880), whose life and legendary romantic involvements are prominently featured in the tales, is sometimes said to be the main subject of the work, but it cannot be said to be a biography of the poet. Although most of his surviving poems are included in the collection, the majority of the 209 poems are anonymous. Most of the poems probably date from the ninth century and appear similar in theme and style to the first imperial anthology Kokin wakashû, c. 905 (see below). Tales from the collection were popular subjects with ukiyo-e artists.
In "Kokin Wakashu" Kanajo (Preface of Kokinwakashu written in kana by KI no Tsurayuki), it was written that "his poems are excellent, but his appearance is not good enough, as a merchant wearing good cloth." Five of his poems were selected for "Kokinshu" (Collection of Ancient and Modern) and one poem for "Gosen Wakashu" (Later selected collection of Japanese poetry). However, two of his poems in "Kokinshu" were said to be composed by his son, Asayasu. He was said to be close to ONO no Komachi and asked her for a company when he left for his assignment in Mikawa Province.
French (FREN) U 101 Elementary French I 5 cr. Offered autumn. Active skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing plus basic cultural analysis. U 102 Elementary French II 5 cr. Prereq., FREN 101. Offered spring. Continuation of 101. U 193 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics. U 201 Intermediate French I 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., FREN 102 or equiv. Expansion of active skills: listening, speaking, reading, writing plus further cultural analysis. U 202 Intermediate French II 4 cr. Offered spring. Continuation of 201. U 293 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. U 295 Special Topics 1-6 cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently. 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Introduction to the classical literature of the Japanese court, ca. 7th to 14th century. Kojiki, Man'yoshu, Kokinshu, Genji Monogatari, and other major classics of the period. UG 312L Japanese Literature from Medieval to Modern Times in English Translation 3 cr. Offered spring. Same as FLLG 312L. Introduction to the literature of Japan from the 15th to the 20th century. UG 386 History of the Japanese Language 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., JPNS 202. Overview of Japanese language history from earliest times to the modern day. Topics include the development of writing systems, changes in phonology, and issues concerning orthography and lexicon. U 390 Supervised Internship 1-12 cr. Offered intermittently. Paid work experience in Japan, combined with language/culture course work by correspondence directed by UM Foreign Languages and Literatures staff. U 393 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. 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Essential features of grammar, sentence structure, vocabulary, and orthography. UG 415 Advanced Japanese for Professionals 3 cr. Offered spring even-numbered years. A high-level professional language course covering all coordinated reading. writing, and speaking skills. Intended for majors hoping to enter the Japanese job market and prepare for professional testing in Japan. UG 431L Post-War Japanese Literature 3 cr. Offered spring odd-numbered years. Same as FLLG 431L. Introduction to issues, literature, and criticism of Japanese literature from the postwar (1945) through the contemporary period, using texts in English translation. UG 495 Special Topics 1-9 cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics. G 500 Directed Readings in JapaneseText 1 3 cr. (R 3) Offered intermittently. Prereq., undergraduate major in Japanese or equiv. Guided readings in a selected research field. Latin (LAT) U 101 Elementary Latin I 5 cr. Offered autumn. The first course of a two semester sequence designed to impart to the student a solid foundation in the Latin language. Successful completion of the sequence will enable the student to read any Latin author. U 102 Elementary Latin II 5 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., LAT 101. Continuation of 101. Latin grammar, vocabulary, readings. U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics. U 211 Latin Reading and Grammar Review 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., LAT 102 or equiv. Selections of Latin prose from the classical period, with complementary exercises in elementary composition. U 212 Latin Readings: Vergil 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., LAT 211 or equiv. Latin epic poetry: Vergil's Aeneid. UG 300 Major Latin Authors 3 cr. 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Important trends in fiction and theory later suppressed by the Social Realism. UG 432 20th Century Russian Literature: Contemporary Period 3 cr. Offered intermittently in spring. Prereq., RUSS 202 or consent of instr. Focus on post-war and post-Stalinist Russian literature and culture including the contemporary post-modern fiction and theory. UG 440 Russian Poetry 3 cr. Offered intermittently. Prereq., RUSS 202 or consent of instr. The evolution of Russian poetry from the end of the 18th century to the early 20th century. U 493 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. UG 495 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics. Spanish (SPAN) U 101 Elementary Spanish I 5 cr. Offered autumn. Emphasis on oral communication, with development in all major skill areas: listening, speaking, reading and writing. U 102 Elementary Spanish II 5 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., SPAN 101. Continuation of 101. U 195 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics. U 201 Intermediate Spanish I 4 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., SPAN 102. Continued practice in the oral skills with added emphasis on grammar and reading proficiency. U 202 Intermediate Spanish II 4 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., SPAN 201. Continuation of 201. U 293 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. U 301 Written Expression in Cultural Contexts 3 cr. Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., SPAN 202 or consent of instr. Development of written skills with an emphasis on Hispanic cultural context. U 302 Phonetics and Oral Expression 3 cr. Offered autumn and spring. Prereq., SPAN 202. Applied phonetic theory and guided practice toward fluency in speaking. U 306 Commercial Spanish 3 cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., SPAN 301. The use of busiess concepts and terminology in Spanish. Conducted entirely in Spanish. Investigation of cultural attitudes, resources of the Hispanic world, ways in which Hispanics conduct business, practice in business letter writing. U 308 Intensive Spanish Abroad 1-9 cr. (R-9) Offered spring. Prereq., SPAN 202 or equiv. Intensive Spanish language course to coincide with intensive language course given at an institute or college during the Spanish Study Abroad Program. Credits vary according to the hours and intensity of the foreign language course and are determined by the director of the program. U 311L Introduction to Contemporary Spanish Literature 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., SPAN 202 or equiv. The study of contemporary works by peninsular authors, including an introduction to literary genres. U 312L Introduction to the Literature of Contemporary Latin America 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., SPAN 202 or equiv. The study of representative works by Latin American authors with emphasis on the 20th century. Includes an introduction to literary genres. U 355 Special Topics in Hispanic Literature and Culture Variable cr. (R 9) Offered intermittently in spring. Prereq., SPAN 311L or 312L or consent of instr. U 359 Spanish-American Civilization through Literature and Film 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., at least one upper-division class in Spanish and SPAN 301. Same as FLLG and LS 359. The development of the traditional society of Spanish American civilization through the interaction of European, Indian, and African elements. U 393 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. U 395 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 9) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics. UG 405 Applied Linguistics 3 cr. Offered autumn. Prereq., SPAN 302 and LING 270. Same as LING 405. Topics and issues from various linguistic approaches, selected for their applicability to the teaching of Spanish. UG 408 Advanced Composition and Conversation 3 cr. Offered spring. Prereq., SPAN 301 or consent of instr. Intensive practice in writing on different levels of usage and style, combined with guided oral practice. UG 420 Spanish Literature: Renaissance and Golden Age 3 cr. (R 6) Offered autumn even-numbered years. Prereq., 311L or 312L or consent of instr. UG 430 Spanish Literature: Modern and Contemporary 3 cr. (R 6) Offered spring even-numbered years. Prereq., 311L or 312L or consent of instr. UG 450L Latin American Literature 3 cr. (R 6) Offered spring odd-numbered years. Prereq. 311L or 312L or consent of instr. Emphasis on major works of the 20th century. U 493 Omnibus Variable cr. (R-10) Offered intermittently. University omnibus option for independent work. See index. UG 494 Seminar Variable cr. (R 12) Offered intermittently. Prereq., SPAN 311L or 312L. Studies in major authors, periods, or genres. UG 495 Special Topics 1-9 cr. (R-9) Offered intermittently. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one-time offerings of current topics. U 496 Independent Study 1-6 cr. (R-6) Offered intermittently. G 500 Directed Readings 1 3 cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., undergraduate major in Spanish. G 594 Graduate Seminar 3 cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing. G 595 Special Topics Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing. Experimental offerings of visiting professors, experimental offerings of new courses, or one time offerings of current topics. G 596 Independent Study Variable cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing. Out of class independent work of a research nature which involves intensive use of University or other libraries; also research work carried on in another country under the direction of a University professor. G 599 Professional Paper 1 3 cr. (R 6) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing. G 699 Thesis Variable cr. (R 9) Offered intermittently. Prereq., graduate standing. 2ff7e9595c
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